مجله تحقیقات اقتصاد کشاورزی
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1402)

Population growth, followed by rising water and food consumption, as well as disruptions such as the disparity of population distribution patterns with the distribution of time and place of water, have caused water-security access to Iran in crisis. 

This paper is the first to accurately calculate the Poverty Index for Iran over the period from 1989 to 2015. In this paper, a new model called the Water Multiplier Evaluation System with the Disaster Theory approach is used to calculate the water poverty index. For the first time using the censored regression econometric model, the effect of economic factors affecting the water poverty index during the period of 1989-2015 has been evaluated.

The results of calculating the water poverty index indicate the upward trend of this indicator and its components. The results of estimating the coefficients of the sensed regression model indicate that population growth, GDP, human development index and added value of the agricultural sector have worsened the water poverty index in Iran

In other words, the current and past trends of the human development index, GDP growth, population growth, increased agricultural production, insecurity and rising water poverty in Iran are inevitable.

Social risks are another specific phenomenon in the agricultural sector. . In the present study, in order to identify ethical risks and adverse selection in Khorasan Razavi irrigated wheat insurance, a simultaneous equation system model . The sample size was determined by proportional sampling Collected. The results indicate that insured farming in warm-temperate and cold-temperate regions have not reduced inputs for production per unit area of wheat, indicating a lack of ethical risk in these areas. In contrast, the results from the cold zone show that the insured beneficiaries has reduced the consumption of inputs in the area, indicating a moral hazard in this area. Also, the results of the test of the hypothesis of constant returns to scale versus the decreasing or increasing return hypothesis for variable inputs show the absence of adverse selection. Therefore, it is suggested that appropriate training and extension classes be held for farmers in order to better understand the time and manner of using chemical fertilizers and the appropriate time for irrigation.

Access to credits to cover the costs needed to buy production inputs at the optimal level is necessary, and budget restrictions can be an effective factor in not using the optimal economic level of production inputs. Due to the importance of the poultry industry in providing a major part of the food and protein needs of the country, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of budget restrictions on the production of meat poultry farms in Masjid Soleyman city.
In this study, the indirect production function approach was used and the required information was collected by completing 43 questionnaires at the city level in 2018.
The results of the study showed that 62% of poultry units had budget restrictions of 26.62%, which caused a decrease in chicken meat production by 32.12% in this city. The return to scale was equal to 1.30, which indicates an increasing return to scale for the studied units.
Removing the budget limit of poultry farming units can be considered an effective step towards increasing production and productivity. In this regard, it is recommended that the price policies of inputs and products, as well as the import of inputs, should be given special attention in order to reduce the problems related to the budget limitations of broiler chicken production units. For example, by determining the appropriate import tariff and subsidizing the import of these inputs, the inputs can be provided to poultry farmers cheaper.

Due to the increasing importance of medicinal plants, In order to determine Iran's comparative advantage in the export of medicinal plants.

Indices Revealed Comparative Advantages and Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantages and of apparent comparative advantage, symmetric apparent comparative advantage and chi-square were applied, In order to determine global export market structure of medicinal plants, two indices of concentration ratio and Herfindahl-Hirschman were used. The required information was extracted from the FAO and Trade Map site in the period 2018-2011.

The results indicated that Iran had a comparative advantage export in the medical planet’s export with 0909, 1301 and 130212 cods and was able to compete in global markets. Moreover, the results of  market structure showed that in the global export market of medicinal plants fennel, anise, badian, cumin and juniper berries (code 0909) have oligopoly structure, extracts of liquorice (code 130212) type of oliyogopoly market  and gum group (code 1301) follow the structure of the monopolistic market. Also, 60-50% of the export of medicinal plants with code 0909 assigned to India and Syria, 70-50% of the export of medicinal plants with code 130212 to the United States, Iran, China, France, Germany, UAE and Turkmenistan and 40-55% of exports with the code 1301 were in the hands of India, France, Nigeria, Sudan, USA, Indonesia and Thailand. The average share of Iran in the export of medicinal plants with code 0909 (2.87), code 130212 (17.37) and code 1301 (1.17) percent.

Therefore, given that Iran has potential in order to expand and develop the export of these products, it is necessary to implement measures such as; Reduce the seller concentration markets, process and improve the goods packaging in global markets and supporting of exporter by government suggested.

Agriculture is inherently a high-risk activity, and agricultural production is always associated with a set of risks related to prices and environmental risks. Crop insurance contributes to reducing these risks and encouraging farmers, gardeners, and other operators in the field of agriculture to work and produce. Insurance is an effective tool in risk management in agriculture. It is actually a type of technology that was created to reduce the risk aversion of farmers and, as a result, increase their efficiency in the optimal use of production factors. The present research aims to identify the factors influencing the acceptance of crop insurance.

In terms of purpose, the research is an applied and descriptive-analytical study conducted by the survey approach. The statistical population consisted of gardeners in Gachsaran County. The sample whose size was estimated at 340 gardeners using Cochran's formula was taken by the random sampling method. The main instrument was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was estimated at 0.73 by Cronbach's alpha coefficient.

The results showed that economic factors with a significance level of 0.258, social factors with a significance level of 0.243, motivational factors with a significance level of 0.226, and insurance-related factors with a significance level of 0.221 had a positive and significant effect on the acceptance of crop insurance. Based on the results, economic factors play the biggest role in the acceptance of crop insurance, so it is suggested to apply such solutions as guaranteed purchase of products, elimination of middlemen, quick payment of compensation, focus on risky farmers, and orientation of crop insurance with farmers.

Due to the negative effects of agricultural production activities on the environment, especially water and soil pollution, one of the most important decisions in the agricultural sector is the optimal allocation of resources. This decision should be in such a way that while maximizing the profit of farmers, it will result in less environmental effects. This action is often done by determining the optimal cropping pattern (CP). In this research, by quantifying the economic, social and environmental effects, a compatible CP with agricultural resources was presented by using a multi-objective planning model.

The social effects of different agricultural crops were calculated using various indicators such as social solidarity, social security, participation and quality of life through interviews with farmers. The environmental effects and economic efficiency of the CP were also considered through the concept of life cycle assessment (LCA) and gross margin per ha, respectively. Further, by calculating socio-economic and environmental indicators, the optimal CP was formulated by developing a multi-objective function based on maximizing profit, reducing water and fertilizer consumption, reducing negative environmental effects of production and improving social indicators. In order to solve the multiple programming model, the method of weighted LP-metric model was used. The information required in this study included information on the production pattern, consumption of inputs, price and yeild of major agricultural crops of Sari County.

The results showed that considering the social indicators, the least attention of the farmers was related to corn and onion, and the five priority crops were identified as wheat, cotton, lentils, rice and canola, respectively. The results of LCA showed that the cultivation of tobacco, canola and corn in this city have the most negative environmental effects. In the optimal CP by combining economic, social and environmental goals, alfalfa, cotton and corn were removed from the stydy area, and the cultivated area of cucumber and clover showed positive changes compared to the current pattern. Also, the cultivated area of the cereal decreaseed in the areaChanges in the cultivated area of barley were predicted more than wheat and rice. The total cultivated area reduced by 15%, resulting in 12.91% and 14.46% reduction in water and fertilizer consumption, respectively. In addition, the efficiency of the program in the studied area decreased by 12.97%.

The development of environmental goals in the implementation of CP programs requires that policymakers consider appropriate economic incentives for farmers. Therefore, policy makers should find suitable solutions to make the farmers to follow the proposed CP.

The present study was conducted to identify Socio-economic factors affecting trout farming in Fars province. The results indicate that on average, fish farming was not technically and environmentally efficient. Also, the results of Tobit regression indicate that the education, participation in training classes, aquaculture experience, and income have a positive and significant effect and the farm`s area has a negative and significant effect on technical efficiency. The results also indicate that education, participation in training classes, and income have a positive and significant effect on environmental efficiency. The attitude towards sustainability was significant and had a positive effect on environmental efficiency. since changing the attitude towards sustainability have a significant effect on environmental protection, so it is suggested to teach about environmental effects along with economic issues in training classes to improve the attitude and awareness of sustainability.

Lack of water and its growing demand has created competition for the use of this valuable substance; therefore, planning should be done on how to allocate it among different economic sectors. The goal of water allocation among different users is to maximize the social benefits of water consumption. The current study seeks to maximize the benefits of water use by providing a hydro-economic structure in the West Jazmourian Basin.
To this end, the objective function is to maximize the benefits of water consumption in agriculture, urban and environmental sectors subject to hydrological, agricultural and institutional restrictions.
The results showed that by changing the pattern of cultivation and irrigation technology, it is possible to increase the benefit in the agricultural sector up to 44; whereas water consumption in this sector is reduced by 11%. In addition, taking into account the environmental sector in the integrated water resources management program and allocating water to Jazmourian wetland, a profit of 56260 million Rials will be obtained.
Based on the results, if the cropping pattern and irrigation strategies suggested by the model are applied, there would be a possibility of increasing profit along with reducing water consumption in the agricultural sector, and the saved water can be used in other competing sectors and create benefits, or it reduces the consumption of ground water, which helps the sustainability of water resources.